ABNORMAL TYPES OF RESPIRATION
4.Anoxia ::
It is a condition showing lack of oxygen availability to the body in general New nomenclature is hypoxia meaning diminished supply of oxygen Anoxaemia is the lack of oxygen in blood Anoxia is classified according to the underlying causes its sub-types are :;
1.Anoxic anoxia (Defective oxygenation in lungs )
2.Stagnant anoxia (Slow circulation in the organs including lungs )
3.Anaemic anoxia (Hb decrease in blood )
4. Histotoxic anoxia (poisoning of body cells)
Anoxic anoxia :: It results from defective oxygenation in the lungs this results from
(1) Low oxygen tension when one climbs high hills like the Himalayas
(2) Abnormality in lungs like pneumonia asthma etc
(3) Leakage between the right and the left sides of the heart which is a congenital (inborn) defect
Stagnant anoxia :: It is due to slowing down of circulation as seen in heart failure and surgical shock etc
Anaemic -anoxia :: it is due to low oxygenation of blood anaemia coal gas poisoning and toxicity of sulphas nitrites chlorates etc
Histotoxic anoxia :; It results from poisoning of the body cells In this condition the O2 Supply is normal but its utilisation is marred by incapacitation of oxidative intracellular enzymes well known exmples are cyanide and narcotic poisoning
Effect of Anoxia : Sudden stoppage of oxygen to the body and especially to the heart and brain finally results in depth with slower onset the nervous system is affected causing paralysis Later circulatory system is affected causing ischemia of the heart and cyanosis Respiration finally terminates in periodic cheyne Stokes breathing when hypoxia deepens into anoxia death may results
5.Cyanosis :::
It is a condition in which skin and mucus membranes take up a bluish colour This can be local or general It is seen earliest on the tip of the nose lips nails and ear lobules it depends on the increase of non oxygenated (reduced) haemoglobin in the circulating blood This results from anoxaemia respiratory obstruction lung diseases heart failure CO- poisoning congential heart disease venous obstruction local chill etc One can overcome it by removing the original cause and generally by quickly increasing oxygenation in the patient
6.Apnoea ::
It is cessation of respiration Temporary apnoea is noticed under periodic breathing after hyperapnoea adrenaline injection sudden rise of blood pressure and during vagal stimulation resulting in vagal apnoea if apnoea lasts for more than a few minutes it terminate in death
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