HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

 MODIFIED PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPIRATION 

Laughing sneezing coughing hyperpnoea are all physiological modification of respiration 

Hyperpnoea:: An increases in rate depth or both in breathing results in an increase in respiratory ventilation This is called hyperpnoea when stress is over the hyperpnoea slowly comes to normal it is generally produced by : (1) Voluntary exertion (2) Brain excitement (3) Reflexly in response to cold and pain (4) Dysponea and such other factors 

coughing ::

It is a long drawn and deep inspiration followed by a complete closure of the glottis which results in a strong expiration that suddenly pushes the glottis open and sends a blast of air through the upper respiratory passages Stimulus for this reflex act may be a foreign body lodged in the larynx trachea or epiglottis 

Sneezing ::

It is a spasmodic contraction of muscles of expiration which forcefully expel air through the nose and mouth Stimulus may be an irritation of the nasal mucosa 

Hiccough ::

Spasmodic contraction of the diaphragm followed by a spansmodic closure of the glottis to produce a sharp inspiratory sound stimulus is usually irritation of the sensory nerve endings of the digestive tract 

Songhing ::

It is a long drawn and deep inspiration immediately followed by a shorter but forceful expiration 

Yawning ::

It is a deep inspiration through the widely opened mouth producing an exaggerated depression of the lower jaw It may be stimulated by drowsiness or fatigue but precise stimulus receptor cause is not known 

Sobbing ::

It is a series of convulsive inspirations followed by a signal prolonged expiration The glottis closeds earlier than normal after each inspiration so only a little air enters the lungs with each inspiration 

Crying ::

It is an inspiration followed by many short convulsive expirations during which the glottis remains open and the vocal cords vibrate accompained by characteristic facial expressions 

Laughing ::

It is the same basic movements as crying but the rhythm of the movements and the facial expressions usually differ from those of crying Laughing and crying are sometimes indistinguishable 

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