DISEASES OF KIDNEY ::
Calculi ::
Stone formation in the urinary tract is caused by any condition that leads to precipitation of salts in the urine Normally these salts remain in solution however if the urine tends to be alkaline stone formation may occur Patients frequently have hematuria pyuria retention of urine and if the stone is lodged in ureter or passing through it severe renal colic follows Most fruits and vegetables favour alkalinity of the urine whereas meats and cereals favour acidity Patients who have a tendency towards stone formation may have to eliminate citrus fruits and carbonated beverages from their diet because these favour greater alkalinity of the urine They should have a fluid intake of 2500 to 3000 ml per day
Other conditions that predispose patients to stone formation are prolonged bed rest or inactivity parathyroid disease osteoporosis and low estrogen levels in post menopausal women
Nephroptosis ::
Since the kidneys are supported by fat pads rather than anchored in place by ligaments they may drop slightly as a result of large weight loss This is nephroptosis and the layman may refer to it as a floating kidney or dropped kidney
Tumours ::
Tumours of the kidney or urinary bladder are usually first evident by painless hematuria Occasionally pathological examination of the urine will reveal tumour cells Most kidney tumours are malignant and metastatise early
Cystitis ::
Cystitis is an inflammation of the urinary bladder it is somewhat more common in women than in men because the female urethra is shorter and microbes can more easily enter the bladder Symptoms of cystitis include increased urinary frequency burning urgency (a hesitancy feeling to void urine although the bladder is not full ) dysuria and hematuria if the infection is severe the patient may have chills and fever
Pyelitis ::
It is the inflammation of the renal pelvis often due to E.coli bacteria or other infection in the body It is more common in women than men it may be acute subacute or chronic
Pyelonephritis ::
It is an infection of the kidney The disease can be either acute or chronic The acute pyelonephritis is usually a complication of an infection elsewhere in the body Chronic pyelonephritis develops if treatment of acute pyelonephritis is not successful
The patient with pyelonephritis has fever nausea and vomiting flank pains and pyuria
Glomerulonephritis ::
It is a kidney infection characterised by inflammation of the glomeruli It can either acute or chronic Although the reason is not clearly understood acute glomerulonephritis frequently follows upper respiratory tract infections Many patients with chronic glomerulonephritis have no history of having had an acute type of glomerulonephritis
Uremia ::
It is a metabolic disaster resulting from severe kidney damage It is so to say urine in blood and therefore in times to come a serious toxaemia follows
Renal hypertension ::
An ischaemic diseased kidney with decreased blood supply and therefore oxygen supply secretes a hypertensinogen substance namely angiotensin which on conversion to active angiotensin raises the blood pressure This is called Renal Hypertension
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