PHARMACOLOGY

ADMINISTRATION OF DRUGS THROUGH NOSE ::

Drugs are either instilled to insufflated into the nose applied sprayed or inhaled in the nasopharynx and tracheobronchial tree In the nose nasal drops are instilled or rarely pituitary snuff is insufflated whereas adrenaline is sprayed with an atomizer into the nasopharynx and tracheobronchi during asthma attacks In laryngitis or bronchitis tincture benzoin vapour inhalations are also carried out For diagnostic purposes organic iodine in lipoidal form is tricked through trachea for bronchography 

                Systemic use of drugs through lungs is inhalation of gas anaesthetics e.g. chloroform ether etc The gas being absorbed and carried through blood all over the body viz alveoli of lungs Drugs like penicillin may also be introduced into the systemic circulation and lacally in intractable places through lungs by inhalation of drug vapour clouds This methods is however hazardous 

Enema ::

It is the administration of liquid medicament per rectum Drug which cannot be given orally may be administered by this route Rectum has rich supply of blood and lymph which are useful for the absorption of the drug so administered Drugs per rectum are used for a two fold purpose viz local use and systemic use after absorption The enema for the local use is evacuant enema whereas that for systemic use is retention enema 

Evacuant enema ::

Soap water enema is a type of evacaunt enema A mount of fluid given is 600 ml water stimulates rectum by distension while soap acts as a lubricant There is increase in peristalsis and finally evacuation it is usually given before surgical operation delivery or radiological investigation of gastro-intestinal tract 

Retention enema :: 

In this type of enema drugs are given alongwith enema volume of fluid administered is 150 ml Example of such enema are glycerine vegetable oil in constipation paraldehyde for basal anaesthesia prednisolone in ulcerative colitis magnesium sulphate for cerebral edema This route need not be used as a routine except for very old people for enemata purposes Strong irritants cannot be used per rectum since the rectal membrane is very sensitive